WAVERLY - 1/7/2012 to 7/20/2013
LOCATION DETAILS |
Latitude: |
N 40° 46.906’ or N 40° 46’ 54.36" |
Longitude: |
W 105° 4.958’ or W 105° 4’ 57.48" |
Survey Meridian: |
Colorado, Sixth Principal Meridian |
Township |
9 N |
Range: |
69 W |
Section: |
2 |
Elevation: |
5,509 feet (1,679 m) |
Datum: |
WGS 84 |
Tower Type: |
NRG Tilt-Up |
Tower Height: |
30 m (98.4 feet) |
Vane Offset (deg): |
+322° |
Direction Basis: |
True North |
Mag. Declination: |
8° 59' E, changing by 8' W/yr |
Wind Explorer S/N: |
0662, 0666, and 1378 |
Site No.: |
4000, 4001, 4002 |
CSU ALP Install Team: Jacqueline Hess, Ben Ebersole, Scott Little, Michael Lichtbach, Mark Goudreault, Christian Knapp, and Mike Kostrzewa.
DATA DETAILS
July 21, 2011 to December 19, 2011:
The anemometer tower was originally installed on July 21, 2011. The site is located in a pasture about 0.4 miles WSW of the intersection of West County Road 74 and North County Road 15 in Larimer County, about 3 miles north of the Waverly School. The wind is expected to be significant from the W and NW at the site.
All data was collected using an NRG #40 Calibrated Anemometer and NRG #200 Wind Vane mounted on a tilt-up tower located at a height of 30m. See the Analyst's Notes below for the sensor configuration. The certification for the anemometer is as follows:
NRG #40C Calibrated Anemometer |
Model No. |
1900 |
Serial No. |
1795-00164534 |
Calibration Date |
11/24/10 1:02 p.m. |
Slope |
0.756 m/s per Hz |
Offset |
0.40 m/s |
This equipment fed into an NRG Wind Explorer data logger. All data plugs are sent to the Colorado ALP at Colorado State University for analysis.
Tower Reinstalled: January 6, 2012 - July 20, 2013:
The tower was lowered on 12/19/2011 to replace sensors (see Analyst's Notes below). The tower was reinstalled on 1/6/2011 and the sensors were wired to the data logger on 1/7/2011. The tower was removed on July 20, 2013. Data was collected using three (3) NRG #40C Calibrated Anemometers and one (1) NRG #200P Wind Vane, and one (1) NRG 110S Temperature sensor as follows:
- Anemometers
- 30 m (98 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 353°
- 30 m (98 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 263°
- 20 m (66 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 316°
- Wind Vane
- 30 m (98 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 316° with the null point facing away from the tower
- Temperature Sensor
- 1.8 m (6 feet) on an NRG 6" boom
All sensors fed into three NRG Wind Explorer data loggers. The certifications for the anemometers are as follows:
NRG #40C Calibrated Anemometers |
Anem. No. |
1 - N |
2 - W |
3 |
Height |
30 m |
30 m |
20 m |
Model No. |
1900 |
1900 |
1900 |
Serial No. |
1795-00142908 |
1795-00142910 |
1795-00142907 |
Calibration Date |
2/9/10 |
2/9/10 |
2/9/10 |
Slope |
0.755 m/s per Hz |
0.755 m/s per Hz |
0.752 m/s per Hz |
Offset |
0.38 m/s |
0.35 m/s |
0.39 m/s |
Wind Explorer S/N |
0662 |
0666 |
1378 |
Site No. |
4000 |
4001 |
4002 |
The wind vane was wired into Wind Explorer S/N 0662 and the temperature logger is wired into Wind Explorer S/N 1378.
All data plugs were sent to the Colorado ALP at Colorado State University for analysis. The data plug files and text versions of these files are given below.
It is important to note that these are the raw files without any compensation for offset. It is also important to note that the temperature was not recorded during this period.
Note also that there is a gap in the temperature data from 1/7/12 through 2/13/12. The sensor was inadvertently attached to the wind vane terminals of the data logger rather than the terminals for the temperature. This was discovered when we pulled the first data plug. The senor was correctly rewired to the logger on 2/15/12 and then the plugs were pulled on 2/17/12 to confirm that the installation was correct.
From the collected data, an analysis of the wind resource report was developed for entire data collection period using Windographer 3.1.3. Since the data set contains data for two or more wind speed sensors at different heights above the ground, Windographer considered the wind shear relationship between different wind speed sensors to extrapolate the data to different heights. A best fit using the power law profile was chosen to extrapolate the data.
Using this data, an analysis of the wind resource report was developed. An offset of +322° was applied to the wind vane data. For this analysis, the data was flagged for icing in two ways:
- Any wind speed data (from any anemometer) where the wind speed was less than 0.4 m/s at a temperature less than 0°C for 2 hours or more was flagged and ignored when calculating the wind resource statistics.
- Any wind direction data where the wind direction varied by less than 3 degrees at a temperature less than 0°C for 3 hours or more was flagged and ignored.
In addition, the 30m west anemometer was removed from the wind resource assessment because it contributed to an overestimation of the wind resource (See Analyst's Note's below). The summary report, the combined data files, and the Windographer files (with and without the data quality analysis and with and without the 30m west anemometer data) are given below:
Final Wind Resource Summary
Highlights of the final wind resource assessment for the data collected during the entire data collection campaign are shown below:
Data Properties |
Data Set Starts: |
1/7/2012 12:00 MST |
Data Set Ends: |
7/20/2013 7:50 |
Data Set Duration: |
18 months |
Length of Time Step: |
10 minutes |
Elevation: |
1,679 m (5,509 ft) |
Mean air density (kg/m³): |
1.018 |
Wind Power Coefficients |
Power Density at 50m: |
224 W/m² |
Wind Power Class: |
2 (Marginal) |
Calculated Wind Shear Coefficients |
Power Law Exponent: |
0.175 |
Surface Roughness: |
0.08 m |
Roughness Class: |
1.81 |
Roughness Description: |
Few trees |
Variable |
Speed 30m - N |
Speed 30m - W through May 16, 2012 (Not used for wind resource assessment)
|
Speed 20 m |
Height above ground (meters) |
30 |
30 |
20 |
Mean 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s) |
5.114 |
5.704 |
4.760 |
Median 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s) |
4.410 |
4.760 |
4.150 |
Min 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s) |
0.38 |
0.35 |
0.39 |
Max 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s) |
22.7 |
22.3 |
21.1 |
10 min. avg. standard deviation (m/s) |
3.317 |
3.859 |
2.991 |
Weibull k |
1.602 |
1.511 |
1.673 |
Weibull c (m/s) |
5.712 |
6.322 |
5.342 |
Mean power density (W/m²) |
176 |
259 |
137 |
Mean energy content (kWh/m²/yr) |
1,546 |
2,268 |
1,203 |
Mean turbulence intensity |
0.19 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
Energy pattern factor |
2.587 |
1.930 |
2.498 |
Possible records |
80,615 |
18,721 |
80,615 |
Valid records |
80,377 |
18,701 |
80,274 |
Missing records |
238 |
20 |
341 |
Data Recovery Rate (%) |
99.70 |
99.89 |
99.58 |
Vertical Wind Shear, Height (m) vs. Mean Wind Speed (m/s) - Without 30m W Anemometer
|
Seasonal Wind Speed Profile, Monthly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Month - W/O 30m West Anem
|
Seasonal Wind Speed Profile, Monthly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Month - With 30m West Anem
|
Wind Energy Rose at 30 meters
Wind Frequency Rose at 30 meters
|
Daily Wind Speed Profile, Hourly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Hour of the Day - w/o 30m W Anem
|
Daily Wind Speed Profile, Hourly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Hour of the Day - w/ 30m W Anem
|
Probability Distribution Function at 30m - North Sensor: Frequency (%) vs. Wind Speed
|
Probability Distribution Function at 30m - West Sensor: Frequency (%) vs. Wind Speed
|
Probability Distribution Function at 20m: Frequency (%) vs. Wind Speed
|
Windographer was used to match up the wind at this site with the performance curves of some common turbines of various sizes and various heights. The table below shows the results. For the larger turbines, the tower height was increased to account for the larger turbine blades - the wind resource was extrapolated to these higher heights. Keep in mind that the larger and the higher the turbine, the better the wind and the greater the output. But of course, as the tower heights and turbine sizes increase so does the cost.
Keep in mind too that listing a particular turbine doesn't imply an endorsement - not does it imply that installing a particular turbine model is feasible or recommended for a particular site. For consistency, the larger turbines are included even at sites that where they may not be practical so that one can compare the relative production of different sites.
Turbine |
Rotor
Diameter
meters |
Rotor
Power
kW |
Hub
Height
meters |
Hub
Height
Wind
Speed
m/s |
Time
At
Zero
Output
percent |
Time
At
Rated
Output
percent |
Average
Net
Power
Output
kW |
Average
Net
Energy
Output
kWh/yr |
Average
Net
Capacity
Factor
% |
Southwest AIR X - 45 ft tower |
|
|
13.7 |
4.42 |
43.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
150 |
4.3 |
Bergey XL.1 - 100 ft tower |
|
|
30.0 |
5.11 |
6.2 |
6.0 |
0.2 |
1,900 |
21.7 |
Southwest Skystream 3.7 - 45 foot tower |
|
|
13.7 |
4.42 |
33.4 |
4.3 |
0.3 |
2,500 |
16.1 |
Southwest Whisper 500 - 42 ft tower |
|
|
12.8 |
4.35 |
37.8 |
2.5 |
0.5 |
4,200 |
16.0 |
Endurance S-250 - 100 ft tower |
|
|
30.0 |
5.11 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.7 |
6,300 |
14.4 |
Bergey Excel-R - 100 ft tower |
|
|
30.0 |
5.11 |
31.1 |
4.2 |
1.4 |
12,400 |
18.8 |
Bergey Excel-S - 100 ft tower |
|
|
30.0 |
5.11 |
16.5 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
13,900 |
15.9 |
Endurance E-3120 - 100 ft tower |
|
|
30.0 |
5.11 |
28.3 |
0.0 |
11.9 |
104,400 |
21.7 |
Northern Power 100-21 - 121 ft tower |
|
|
37.0 |
5.29 |
14.9 |
0.0 |
17.0 |
148,900 |
17.0 |
GE 1.5-77 - 213 ft tower |
77 |
1,500 |
65.0 |
5.86 |
27.5 |
3.7 |
343.8 |
3,011,700 |
22.9 |
Vestas V100 - 262 ft tower |
100 |
2,000 |
80.0 |
6.06 |
25.8 |
2.4 |
552.8 |
4,842,100 |
27.6 |
IMPORTANT: No turbine losses are included in the power, energy, and capacity factor values in the table. Typically, turbine losses can be 5-20% to account for maintenance downtime, icing/soiling and losses from other turbines in a wind farm. Users wanting to be conservative in the performance projections should multiply the power, energy, and capacity values by (1- % losses) to account for these losses.
Analysts Notes
1. Unlike most installations, the wind vane was inadvertently installed on the top mast and the anemometer was installed at the end of a standard NRG 13" Z-mast that is bearing due west, so no significant impact on the wind velocity or significant tower shadowing is expected.
2. Data plugs were collected on 7/25/2011, 8/22/2011, 9/30/2011, 11/7/2011, 12/4/2011 and 12/19/2011. The data looked typical and normal until the third data plug was collected in 9/30/2011. The data include long periods (days and portions of days) when the wind speed was zero. This appeared to be counter to nearby weather data. The logger was inspected on 11/7/2011 and the wire connection to the anemometer at the logger was found to be loose. The wire was tightened and the anemometer was observed to be operating normally. However, the next data plug collected on 12/4/2011 again showed long periods with zero wind speed. The tower was lowered on 12/19/2011 and the connection at the anemometer was found to have broken strands that also likely caused an intermittent connection. Due to the unreliability of the anemometer sensor connections, the wind speed data collected to 12/19/2011 was considered to be suspect.
3. The 30m west anemometer was NOT visible when the site was visited in 8/29/12, the data logger would not power on, and the data plug for the middle datalogger (Site No. 4001) was unreadable. A lighting strike is the likely cause. As a consequence, there is no data from this sensor after May 16, 2012. This gap in the data affected the analysis of the wind resource. The Windographer software apparently projects the wind speed from that point on because as data was collected during the summer and fall, the wind power density continued to rise even though the wind speed fell. For example, the analysis for the wind data through January 11, 2012 showed a wind power density of 395 W/m² but the wind power density projected on May 16, 2012 was 351 W/m². To negate the effects of these annual projections, the 30m west anemometer was removed from the wind resource assessment since it is redundant due to the close match with the 30m north anemometer.
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