COLORADO ANEMOMETER LOAN PROGRAM
 

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WAVERLY - 1/7/2012 to 7/20/2013

LOCATION DETAILS
Latitude:
N 40° 46.906’ or N 40° 46’ 54.36"
Longitude:
W 105° 4.958’ or W 105° 4’ 57.48"
Survey Meridian:
Colorado, Sixth Principal Meridian
Township
9 N
Range:
69 W
Section:
2
Elevation:
5,509 feet (1,679 m)
Datum:
WGS 84
Tower Type:
NRG Tilt-Up
Tower Height:
30 m (98.4 feet)
Vane Offset (deg):
+322°
Direction Basis:
True North
Mag. Declination:
8° 59' E, changing by 8' W/yr
Wind Explorer S/N:
0662, 0666, and 1378
Site No.:
4000, 4001, 4002

 CSU ALP Install Team: Jacqueline Hess, Ben Ebersole, Scott Little, Michael Lichtbach, Mark Goudreault, Christian Knapp, and Mike Kostrzewa.

DATA DETAILS

July 21, 2011 to December 19, 2011:

The anemometer tower was originally installed on July 21, 2011. The site is located in a pasture about 0.4 miles WSW of the intersection of West County Road 74 and North County Road 15 in Larimer County, about 3 miles north of the Waverly School. The wind is expected to be significant from the W and NW at the site.

All data was collected using an NRG #40 Calibrated Anemometer and NRG #200 Wind Vane mounted on a tilt-up tower located at a height of 30m. See the Analyst's Notes below for the sensor configuration. The certification for the anemometer is as follows:

NRG #40C Calibrated Anemometer
Model No.
1900
Serial No.
1795-00164534
Calibration Date
11/24/10 1:02 p.m.
Slope
0.756 m/s per Hz
Offset
0.40 m/s

This equipment fed into an NRG Wind Explorer data logger. All data plugs are sent to the Colorado ALP at Colorado State University for analysis.

Tower Reinstalled: January 6, 2012 - July 20, 2013:

The tower was lowered on 12/19/2011 to replace sensors (see Analyst's Notes below). The tower was reinstalled on 1/6/2011 and the sensors were wired to the data logger on 1/7/2011. The tower was removed on July 20, 2013. Data was collected using three (3) NRG #40C Calibrated Anemometers and one (1) NRG #200P Wind Vane, and one (1) NRG 110S Temperature sensor as follows:

  • Anemometers
    1. 30 m (98 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 353°
    2. 30 m (98 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 263°
    3. 20 m (66 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 316°
  • Wind Vane
    1. 30 m (98 feet) on an NRG 60" standard boom bearing 316° with the null point facing away from the tower
  • Temperature Sensor
    1. 1.8 m (6 feet) on an NRG 6" boom

All sensors fed into three NRG Wind Explorer data loggers. The certifications for the anemometers are as follows:

NRG #40C Calibrated Anemometers
Anem. No.
1 - N
2 - W
3
Height
30 m
30 m
20 m
Model No.
1900
1900
1900
Serial No.
1795-00142908
1795-00142910
1795-00142907
Calibration Date
2/9/10
2/9/10
2/9/10
Slope
0.755 m/s per Hz
0.755 m/s per Hz
0.752 m/s per Hz
Offset
0.38 m/s
0.35 m/s
0.39 m/s
Wind Explorer S/N
0662
0666
1378
Site No.
4000
4001
4002

The wind vane was wired into Wind Explorer S/N 0662 and the temperature logger is wired into Wind Explorer S/N 1378.

All data plugs were sent to the Colorado ALP at Colorado State University for analysis. The data plug files and text versions of these files are given below.

Raw Wind Data Files
NRG Data Plug Files
Txt Files
Highest
2 sec
Gust
m/s
Gust
Date/Time
Waverly_4000_2012_0107_0213.a12 Waverly_4000_2012_0107_0213.txt
28
1/19/2012 10:46
Waverly_4001_2012_0107_0213.a12 Waverly_4001_2012_0107_0213.a12
28
1/19/2012 11:17
Waverly_4002_2012_0107_0213.a12 Waverly_4002_2012_0107_0213.txt
28
1/19/2012 11:26
Waverly_4000_2012_0213_0217.a12 Waverly_4000_2012_0213_0217.txt
11
2/15/2012 00:10
Waverly_4001_2012_0213_0217.a12 Waverly_4001_2012_0213_0217.txt
11
2/15/2012 00:10
Waverly_4002_2012_0213_0217.a12 Waverly_4002_2012_0213_0217.txt
10
2/15/2012 00:10
Waverly_4000_2012_0217_0404.A12 Waverly_4000_2012_0217_0404.txt
30
2/28/2012 20:45
Waverly_4001_2012_0217_0404.A12 Waverly_4001_2012_0217_0404.txt
30
2/28/2012 20:44
Waverly_4002_2012_0217_0404.A12 Waverly_4002_2012_0217_0404.txt
29
2/22/2012 09:44
Waverly_4000_2012_0404_0516.a12 Waverly_4000_2012_0404_0516.txt
29
4/6/2012 22:53
Waverly_4001_2012_0404_0516.a12 Waverly_4001_2012_0404_0516.txt
28
4/6/2012 22:40
Waverly_4002_2012_0404_0516.a12 Waverly_4002_2012_0404_0516.txt
28
4/6/2012 22:53
Waverly_4000_2012_0516_0829.A12 Waverly_4000_2012_0516_0829.txt
26
8/7/2012 13:37
No anemometer visible when the site was visited in 8/29/12, the data logger would not power on, and the data plug was unreadable for the 30m west anemometer. A lighting strike is the likely cause.
Waverly_4002_2012_0516_0829.A12 Waverly_4002_2012_0516_0829.txt
28
8/7/2012 13:37
Waverly_4000_2012_0829_1019.A12 Waverly_4000_2012_0829_1019.txt
36
10/16/2012 20:41
Waverly_4002_2012_0829_1019.A12 Waverly_4002_2012_0829_1019.txt
35
10/16/2012 20:41
Waverly_4000_2013_1019_0111.a12 Waverly_4000_2013_1019_0111.txt
29
12/23/2012 14:01
Waverly_4002_2013_1019_0111.a12 Waverly_4002_2013_1019_0111.txt
28
12/23/2012 13:58
Waverly_4000_2013_0111_0720.a13 Waverly_4000_2013_0111_0720.txt
29
4/5/2013 18:11
Waverly_4002_2013_0111_0720.a13 Waverly_4002_2013_0111_0720.txt
28
4/5/2013 18:09

It is important to note that these are the raw files without any compensation for offset. It is also important to note that the temperature was not recorded during this period.

Note also that there is a gap in the temperature data from 1/7/12 through 2/13/12. The sensor was inadvertently attached to the wind vane terminals of the data logger rather than the terminals for the temperature. This was discovered when we pulled the first data plug. The senor was correctly rewired to the logger on 2/15/12 and then the plugs were pulled on 2/17/12 to confirm that the installation was correct.

From the collected data, an analysis of the wind resource report was developed for entire data collection period using Windographer 3.1.3. Since the data set contains data for two or more wind speed sensors at different heights above the ground, Windographer considered the wind shear relationship between different wind speed sensors to extrapolate the data to different heights. A best fit using the power law profile was chosen to extrapolate the data.

Using this data, an analysis of the wind resource report was developed. An offset of +322° was applied to the wind vane data. For this analysis, the data was flagged for icing in two ways:

  1. Any wind speed data (from any anemometer) where the wind speed was less than 0.4 m/s at a temperature less than 0°C for 2 hours or more was flagged and ignored when calculating the wind resource statistics.
  2. Any wind direction data where the wind direction varied by less than 3 degrees at a temperature less than 0°C for 3 hours or more was flagged and ignored.

In addition, the 30m west anemometer was removed from the wind resource assessment because it contributed to an overestimation of the wind resource (See Analyst's Note's below). The summary report, the combined data files, and the Windographer files (with and without the data quality analysis and with and without the 30m west anemometer data) are given below:

Final Wind Resource Summary

Highlights of the final wind resource assessment for the data collected during the entire data collection campaign are shown below:

Data Properties
Data Set Starts:
1/7/2012 12:00 MST
Data Set Ends:
7/20/2013 7:50
Data Set Duration:
18 months
Length of Time Step:
10 minutes
Elevation:
1,679 m (5,509 ft)
Mean air density (kg/m³):
1.018
Wind Power Coefficients
Power Density at 50m:
224 W/m²
Wind Power Class:
2 (Marginal)
Calculated Wind Shear Coefficients
Power Law Exponent:
0.175
Surface Roughness:
0.08 m
Roughness Class:
1.81
Roughness Description:
Few trees

 

Variable
Speed 30m - N

Speed 30m - W through May 16, 2012 (Not used for wind resource assessment)

Speed 20 m
Height above ground (meters)
30 30 20
Mean 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s)
5.114 5.704 4.760
Median 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s)
4.410 4.760 4.150
Min 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s)
0.38 0.35 0.39
Max 10 min avg. wind speed (m/s)
22.7 22.3 21.1
10 min. avg. standard deviation (m/s)
3.317 3.859 2.991
Weibull k
1.602 1.511 1.673
Weibull c (m/s)
5.712 6.322 5.342
Mean power density (W/m²)
176 259 137
Mean energy content (kWh/m²/yr)
1,546 2,268 1,203
Mean turbulence intensity
0.19 0.20 0.20
Energy pattern factor
2.587 1.930 2.498
Possible records
80,615 18,721 80,615
Valid records
80,377 18,701 80,274
Missing records
238 20 341
Data Recovery Rate (%)
99.70 99.89 99.58

 

Vertical Wind Shear, Height (m) vs. Mean Wind Speed (m/s) - Without 30m W Anemometer

 

Seasonal Wind Speed Profile, Monthly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Month - W/O 30m West Anem

 

Seasonal Wind Speed Profile, Monthly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Month - With 30m West Anem

 

Wind Energy Rose at 30 meters

 

Wind Frequency Rose at 30 meters

 

Daily Wind Speed Profile, Hourly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Hour of the Day - w/o 30m W Anem

 

Daily Wind Speed Profile, Hourly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Hour of the Day - w/ 30m W Anem

 

Probability Distribution Function at 30m - North Sensor: Frequency (%) vs. Wind Speed

 

Probability Distribution Function at 30m - West Sensor: Frequency (%) vs. Wind Speed

 

Probability Distribution Function at 20m: Frequency (%) vs. Wind Speed

 

Windographer was used to match up the wind at this site with the performance curves of some common turbines of various sizes and various heights. The table below shows the results. For the larger turbines, the tower height was increased to account for the larger turbine blades - the wind resource was extrapolated to these higher heights. Keep in mind that the larger and the higher the turbine, the better the wind and the greater the output. But of course, as the tower heights and turbine sizes increase so does the cost.

Keep in mind too that listing a particular turbine doesn't imply an endorsement - not does it imply that installing a particular turbine model is feasible or recommended for a particular site. For consistency, the larger turbines are included even at sites that where they may not be practical so that one can compare the relative production of different sites.

Turbine
Rotor
Diameter
meters
Rotor
Power
kW
Hub
Height
meters
Hub
Height
Wind
Speed
m/s
Time
At
Zero
Output
percent
Time
At
Rated
Output
percent
Average
Net
Power
Output
kW
Average
Net
Energy
Output
kWh/yr
Average
Net
Capacity
Factor
%
Southwest AIR X - 45 ft tower
1.5
0.4
13.7 4.42 43.3 0.0 0.0 150 4.3
Bergey XL.1 - 100 ft tower
2.5
1.0
30.0 5.11 6.2 6.0 0.2 1,900 21.7
Southwest Skystream 3.7 - 45 foot tower
3.7
1.8
13.7 4.42 33.4 4.3 0.3 2,500 16.1
Southwest Whisper 500 - 42 ft tower
4.5
3.0
12.8 4.35 37.8 2.5 0.5 4,200 16.0
Endurance S-250 - 100 ft tower
5.5
5.0
30.0 5.11 0.0 0.0 0.7 6,300 14.4
Bergey Excel-R - 100 ft tower
6.7
7.5
30.0 5.11 31.1 4.2 1.4 12,400 18.8
Bergey Excel-S - 100 ft tower
6.7
10.0
30.0 5.11 16.5 2.6 1.6 13,900 15.9
Endurance E-3120 - 100 ft tower
19.2
55.0
30.0 5.11 28.3 0.0 11.9 104,400 21.7
Northern Power 100-21 - 121 ft tower
21.0
100
37.0 5.29 14.9 0.0 17.0 148,900 17.0
GE 1.5-77 - 213 ft tower
77
1,500
65.0 5.86 27.5 3.7 343.8 3,011,700 22.9
Vestas V100 - 262 ft tower
100
2,000
80.0 6.06 25.8 2.4 552.8 4,842,100 27.6

IMPORTANT: No turbine losses are included in the power, energy, and capacity factor values in the table. Typically, turbine losses can be 5-20% to account for maintenance downtime, icing/soiling and losses from other turbines in a wind farm. Users wanting to be conservative in the performance projections should multiply the power, energy, and capacity values by (1- % losses) to account for these losses.

Analysts Notes

1. Unlike most installations, the wind vane was inadvertently installed on the top mast and the anemometer was installed at the end of a standard NRG 13" Z-mast that is bearing due west, so no significant impact on the wind velocity or significant tower shadowing is expected.

2. Data plugs were collected on 7/25/2011, 8/22/2011, 9/30/2011, 11/7/2011, 12/4/2011 and 12/19/2011. The data looked typical and normal until the third data plug was collected in 9/30/2011. The data include long periods (days and portions of days) when the wind speed was zero. This appeared to be counter to nearby weather data. The logger was inspected on 11/7/2011 and the wire connection to the anemometer at the logger was found to be loose. The wire was tightened and the anemometer was observed to be operating normally. However, the next data plug collected on 12/4/2011 again showed long periods with zero wind speed. The tower was lowered on 12/19/2011 and the connection at the anemometer was found to have broken strands that also likely caused an intermittent connection. Due to the unreliability of the anemometer sensor connections, the wind speed data collected to 12/19/2011 was considered to be suspect.

3. The 30m west anemometer was NOT visible when the site was visited in 8/29/12, the data logger would not power on, and the data plug for the middle datalogger (Site No. 4001) was unreadable. A lighting strike is the likely cause. As a consequence, there is no data from this sensor after May 16, 2012. This gap in the data affected the analysis of the wind resource. The Windographer software apparently projects the wind speed from that point on because as data was collected during the summer and fall, the wind power density continued to rise even though the wind speed fell. For example, the analysis for the wind data through January 11, 2012 showed a wind power density of 395 W/m² but the wind power density projected on May 16, 2012 was 351 W/m². To negate the effects of these annual projections, the 30m west anemometer was removed from the wind resource assessment since it is redundant due to the close match with the 30m north anemometer.

 

 

 


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Last updated: June 2009
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