COLORADO ANEMOMETER LOAN PROGRAM
 

PROGRAM INFORMATION

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Small Wind Electric Systems: A Colorado Consumer's Guide
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HEREFORD - 12/30/2009 to 4/28/2011

LOCATION DETAILS
Latitude:
N 40° 59.977’ or N 40° 59’ 59"
Longitude:
W 104° 26.163’ or W 104° 26’10"
Survey Meridian:
Colorado, Sixth Principal Meridian
Township:
12 N
Range:
63 W
Section:
21
Elevation:
1 675.8 m (5,498 ft)
Datum:
WGS 84
Tower Type:
NRG Tilt-Up
Tower Height:
30 m (98.4 ft)
Vane Offset (deg):
+165°
Direction Basis:
Magnetic North
Mag. Declination:
8° 56' E, changing by 7' W/yr
Wind Explorer S/N:
1378
Site No.:
4040

 CSU ALP Install Team (from left): Dan Fink, Jake Renquist, Eric Rasbach, Todd Mac Donald, Nathan Davis, and Mike Kostrzewa (taking picture).

DATA DETAILS

December 30, 2009 through April 28, 2011:

The anemometer tower was installed on December 30, 2009 and removed on April 28, 2011. The site is located in Weld County in an open field about 7.2 miles west of Hereford and about 5.6 miles SW of Carpenter, WY. The site is about 20 miles east of the Ponnequin wind farm near Cheyenne and to the east, the turbines from the Cedar Creek wind farm near Grover about 20 miles away can be seen.

All data is collected using an NRG #40 Calibrated Anemometer and NRG #200 Wind Vane mounted on a tilt-up tower located at a height of 30m. The certification for the anemometer is as follows:

NRG #40C Calibrated Anemometer
Model No.
1900
Serial No.
179500090563
Calibration Date
12/1/2008 5:23:53 a.m.
Slope
0.759 m/s per Hz
Offset
0.30 m/s

This equipment feeds into an NRG Wind Explorer data logger. All data plugs are being collected by the Colorado ALP at Colorado State University for analysis. The data plug files and text versions of these files are given below.

Raw Wind Data Files
NRG Data Plug Files
Txt Files
Highest
2 sec
Gust
mph
Gust
Date/Time
Hereford_4040_2009_1230_0317.A09 Hereford_4040_2009_1230_0317.txt
71
1/24/2010 12:20
Hereford_4040_2010_0317_0615.A10 Hereford_4040_2010_0317_0615.txt
67
5/4/2010 8:58
Hereford_4040_2010_0615_0918.A10 Hereford_4040_2010_0615_0918.txt
61
7/29/2010 16:04
Hereford_4040_2010_0919_1222.A10 Hereford_4040_2010_0919_1222.txt
66
9/20/2010 16:39
Hereford_4040_2010_1222_0428.A10 Hereford_4040_2010_1222_0428.txt
63
3/22/2011 16:38

It is important to note that these are the raw files without any compensation for offset. It is also important to note that the temperature was not recorded during this period.

Using this data, an analysis of the wind resource report was developed using Windographer 1.49. For this data an offset of +205° was applied to the wind vane data, based on measurements taken during the installation. However, when the measurements were checked again when the tower was being removed, the offest was measured to be +165°. For this report, a validation analysis was performed on the data. This data was filtered two ways:

  1. Any wind speed data where the wind speed was less than 1 mph for 6 hours or more was deleted.
  2. Any wind direction data where the wind direction varied by less than 3 degrees over 6 hours was deleted

Windographer was then used to add in synthetic data to these intervals with suspect data. A summary report, the combined data files (with and without the validation analysis), and the Windographer files (with and without the validation analysis) are given below:

Final Wind Resource Summary

Highlights of the final wind resource at this site are shown below:

Data Properties
Variable
Data Set Starts:
12/30/2009 15:30 MST
Height above ground (m)
30
Data Set Ends:
4/28/2011 12:20
Mean 10 min avg. wind speed (mph)
14.989
Data Set Duration:
16 months
Median 10 min avg. wind speed (mph)
13.510
Length of Time Step:
10 minutes
Min 10 min avg. wind speed (mph)
0.554
Elevation:
1 675.8 m (5,498 ft)
Max 10 min avg. wind speed (mph)
56.810
Mean air density (kg/m³):
1.040
Mean power density (W/m²)
329
Wind Power Coefficients
Mean energy content (kWh/m²/yr)
2,886
Power Density at 50m:
370 W/m²
Energy pattern factor
2.105
Wind Power Class:
3 (Fair)
Weibull k
1.862
Wind Shear Coefficients
Weibull c (mph)
16.888
Power Law Exponent:
0.121
1-hr autocorrelation coefficient
0.846
Surface Roughness:
0.01 m
Diurnal pattern strength
0.117
Roughness Class:
0.78
Hour of peak wind speed
15
Roughness Description:
Rough Pasture
Mean turbulence intensity
0.1393
Note: The wind power density and wind power class at 50m are projections of the data from 30m. A surface roughness of 0.01 meters was assumed for this projection. This is equal to that of a rough pasture. This value was then used this to calculate the roughness class and the power law exponent shown above.
Standard deviation (mph)
8.392
Total data elements
209,031
Suspect/missing elements
6,437
Data completeness (%)
96.9

 

Probability Distribution Function at 30m: Frequency (%) vs. Wind Speed

 

Vertical Wind Shear, Height (m) vs Mean Wind Speed (m/s)

 

Wind Energy Rose at 30 meters

 

Wind Frequency Rose at 30 meters

 

Daily Wind Speed Profile, Hourly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Hour of the Day

 

Seasonal Wind Speed Profile, Monthly Mean Wind Speed (m/s) vs. Month

 

Windographer was used to match up the wind at this site with the performance curves of some common turbines of various sizes and various heights. The table below shows the results. For the larger turbines, the tower height was increased to account for the larger turbine blades - the wind resource was extrapolated to these higher heights. Keep in mind that the larger and the higher the turbine, the better the wind and the greater the output. But of course, as the tower heights and turbine sizes increase so does the cost.

Turbine
Rotor
Diameter
meters
Rotor
Power
kW
Hub
Height
meters
Hub
Height
Wind
Speed
mph
Time
At
Zero
Output
percent
Time
At
Rated
Output
percent
Average
Net
Power
Output
kW
Average
Net
Energy
Output
kWh/yr
Average
Net
Capacity
Factor
%
Bergey Excel-R
6.7
7.5
30 14.99 16.1 7.6 2.3 20,500 31.1
Bergey Excel-S
6.7
10
30 14.99 7.3 4.9 2.7 23,300 26.6
Bergey XL.1
2.5
1
30 14.99 2.6 11.5 0.4 3,100 35.8
Southwest Skystream 3.7
3.7
1.8
30 14.99 14.1 0.0 0.6 5,400 34.3
Southwest Whisper 500
4.5
3
30 14.99 15.8 9.5 1.1 9,800 37.2
Northern Power NW 100/21
21
100
37 15.37 13.4 0.0 27.3 238,900 27.3
Vestas V47 - 660 kW
47
660
65 16.46 12.8 2.1 203.8 1,785,600 30.9
GE 1.5s
70.5
1,500
80.5 16.89 17.0 9.0 429.2 3,759,400 28.6
Vestas V80 - 2.0 MW
80
2,000
100 17.34 16.3 5.5 667.9 5,850,800 33.4
GE 2.5xl
100
2,500
110 17.54 11.5 10.4 920.5 8,063,800 36.8

IMPORTANT: No turbine losses are included in the power, energy, and capacity factor values in the table. Typically, turbine losses can be 5-20% to account for maintenance downtime, icing/soiling and losses from other turbines in a wind farm. Users wanting to be conservative in the performance projections should multiply the power, energy, and capacity values by (1- % losses) to account for these losses.


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Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA (970) 491-7709
Last updated: June 2009
Email questions & comments to: michael@engr.colostate.edu
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